Putting Aggressive War on Trial: What Nuremberg Actually Decided
Nuremberg made aggressive war a question of individual responsibility. Its charter, verdicts and later trials also set limits that broad summaries often miss.
World War II
Research-led histories of World War II: the people, decisions, battles, and societies shaped by the global conflict.
Why May 1943 Turned the Battle of the Atlantic
May 1943 changed the Atlantic convoy war through aircraft, escorts, sensors, intelligence and training. Here is why no single invention explains the turning point.
Why Britain Rationed Bread After World War II
Bread escaped rationing during Britain’s war, then went on coupons in July 1946. The story reveals how supply fears, household work and international recovery shaped life after victory.
Liberated, but Not Home: Europe’s Displaced Persons After World War II
Why did displaced people remain in camps after World War II? Explore the Harrison Report, repatriation, refugee admission and the rebuilding of Jewish life after liberation.
Why China’s World War II Began Before 1939
Japan’s seizure of Manchuria in 1931 and the escalation of 1937 created a war that China was already fighting when Europe went to war in 1939. Why did this conflict endure, and how did it become part of a global struggle?
The Atlantic Charter: Self-Determination and the Limits of Empire
The Atlantic Charter promised political choice, but who counted? Explore Churchill’s imperial limits, Gandhi’s wartime challenge and the ANC’s African Claims through the original documents.
Operation Fortitude: How D-Day Deception Kept Germany Looking at Calais
D-Day did not end the deception. Discover how Operation Fortitude, an imagined army and GARBO’s trusted reports sustained the threat of a Calais invasion after Allied troops landed in Normandy.